[comment {-*- tcl -*- doctools manpage}]
[manpage_begin thread n 2.8]
[moddesc {Tcl Threading}]
[titledesc {Extension for script access to Tcl threading}]
[require Tcl 8.4]
[require Thread [opt 2.8]]

[description]
The [package thread] extension creates threads that contain Tcl
interpreters, and it lets you send scripts to those threads for
evaluation.

Additionally, it provides script-level access to basic thread
synchronization primitives, like mutexes and condition variables.

[section COMMANDS]
This section describes commands for creating and destroying threads
and sending scripts to threads for evaluation.



[list_begin definitions]

[call [cmd thread::create] [opt -joinable] [opt -preserved] [opt script]]

This command creates a thread that contains a Tcl interpreter.
The Tcl interpreter either evaluates the optional [option script], if
specified, or it waits in the event loop for scripts that arrive via
the [cmd thread::send] command. The result, if any, of the
optional [option script] is never returned to the caller.
The result of [cmd thread::create] is the ID of the thread. This is
the opaque handle which identifies the newly created thread for
all other package commands. The handle of the thread goes out of scope
automatically when thread is marked for exit
(see the [cmd thread::release] command below).

[para]

If the optional [option script] argument contains the [cmd thread::wait]
command the thread will enter into the event loop. If such command is not
found  in the [option script] the thread will run the [option script] to
the end and exit. In that case, the handle may be safely ignored since it
refers to a thread which does not exists any more at the time when the
command returns.

[para]

Using flag [option -joinable] it is possible to create a joinable
thread, i.e. one upon whose exit can be waited upon by using
[cmd thread::join] command.
Note that failure to join a thread created with [option -joinable] flag
results in resource and memory leaks.


[para]

Threads created by the [cmd thread::create] cannot be destroyed
forcefully. Consequently, there is no corresponding thread destroy
command. A thread may only be released using the [cmd thread::release]
and if its internal reference count drops to zero, the thread is
marked for exit. This kicks the thread out of the event loop
servicing and the thread continues to execute commands passed in
the [option script] argument, following the [cmd thread::wait]
command. If this was the last command in the script, as usually the
case, the thread will exit.

[para]

It is possible to create a situation in which it may be impossible
to terminate the thread, for example by putting some endless loop
after the [cmd thread::wait] or entering the event loop again by
doing an vwait-type of command. In such cases, the thread may never
exit. This is considered to be a bad practice and should be avoided
if possible. This is best illustrated by the example below:

[example {
    # You should never do ...
    set tid [thread::create {
        package require Http
        thread::wait
        vwait forever ; # <-- this!
    }]
}]

The thread created in the above example will never be able to exit.
After it has been released with the last matching [cmd thread::release]
call, the thread will jump out of the [cmd thread::wait] and continue
to execute commands following. It will enter [cmd vwait] command and
wait endlessly for events. There is no way one can terminate such thread,
so you wouldn't want to do this!

[para]

Each newly created has its internal reference counter set to 0 (zero),
i.e. it is unreserved. This counter gets incremented by a call to
[cmd thread::preserve] and decremented by a call to [cmd thread::release]
command. These two commands implement simple but effective thread
reservation system and offer predictable and controllable thread
termination capabilities. It is however possible to create initially
preserved threads by using flag [option -preserved] of the
[cmd thread::create] command. Threads created with this flag have the
initial value of the reference counter of 1 (one), and are thus
initially marked reserved.


[call [cmd thread::preserve] [opt id]]

This command increments the thread reference counter. Each call
to this command increments the reference counter by one (1).
Command returns the value of the reference counter after the increment.
If called with the optional thread [option id], the command preserves
the given thread. Otherwise the current thread is preserved.

[para]

With reference counting, one can implement controlled access to a
shared Tcl thread. By incrementing the reference counter, the
caller signalizes that he/she wishes to use the thread for a longer
period of time. By decrementing the counter, caller signalizes that
he/she has finished using the thread.

[call [cmd thread::release] [opt -wait] [opt id]]

This command decrements the thread reference counter. Each call to
this command decrements the reference counter by one (1).
If called with the optional thread [option id], the command releases
the given thread. Otherwise, the current thread is released.
Command returns the value of the reference counter after the decrement.
When the reference counter reaches zero (0), the target thread is
marked for termination. You should not reference the thread after the
[cmd thread::release] command returns zero or negative integer.
The handle of the thread goes out of scope and should not be used any
more. Any following reference to the same thread handle will result
in Tcl error.

[para]

Optional flag [option -wait] instructs the caller thread to wait for
the target thread to exit, if the effect of the command would result
in termination of the target thread, i.e. if the return result would
be zero (0). Without the flag, the caller thread does not wait for
the target thread to exit. Care must be taken when using the
[option -wait], since this may block the caller thread indefinitely.
This option has been implemented for some special uses of the extension
and is deprecated for regular use. Regular users should create joinable
threads by using the [option -joinable] option of the [cmd thread::create]
command and the [cmd thread::join] to wait for thread to exit.

[call [cmd thread::id]]

This command returns the ID of the current thread.

[call [cmd thread::errorproc] [opt procname]]

This command sets a handler for errors that occur in scripts sent
asynchronously, using the [option -async] flag of the
[cmd thread::send] command, to other threads. If no handler
is specified, the current handler is returned. The empty string
resets the handler to default (unspecified) value.
An uncaught error in a thread causes an error message to be sent
to the standard error channel. This default reporting scheme can
be changed by registering a procedure which is called to report
the error. The [arg procname] is called in the interpreter that
invoked the [cmd thread::errorproc] command. The [arg procname]
is called like this:

[example {
    myerrorproc thread_id errorInfo
}]

[call [cmd thread::cancel] [opt -unwind] [arg id] [opt result]]

This command requires Tcl version 8.6 or higher.

[para]

Cancels the script being evaluated in the thread given by the [arg id]
parameter. Without the [option -unwind] switch the evaluation stack for
the interpreter is unwound until an enclosing catch command is found or
there are no further invocations of the interpreter left on the call
stack. With the [option -unwind] switch the evaluation stack for the
interpreter is unwound without regard to any intervening catch command
until there are no further invocations of the interpreter left on the
call stack. If [arg result] is present, it will be used as the error
message string; otherwise, a default error message string will be used.

[call [cmd thread::unwind]]

Use of this command is deprecated in favour of more advanced thread
reservation system implemented with [cmd thread::preserve] and
[cmd thread::release] commands. Support for [cmd thread::unwind]
command will disappear in some future major release of the extension.
[para]
This command stops a prior [cmd thread::wait] command. Execution of
the script passed to newly created thread will continue from the
[cmd thread::wait] command. If [cmd thread::wait] was the last command
in the script, the thread will exit. The command returns empty result
but may trigger Tcl error with the message "target thread died" in some
situations.


[call [cmd thread::exit] [opt status]]

Use of this command is deprecated in favour of more advanced thread
reservation system implemented with [cmd thread::preserve] and
[cmd thread::release] commands. Support for [cmd thread::exit]
command will disappear in some future major release of the extension.
[para]
This command forces a thread stuck in the [cmd thread::wait] command to
unconditionally exit. The thread's exit status defaults to 666 and can be
specified using the optional [arg status] argument. The execution of
[cmd thread::exit] command is guaranteed to leave the program memory in the
inconsistent state, produce memory leaks and otherwise affect other subsystem(s)
of the Tcl application in an unpredictable manner. The command returns empty
result but may trigger Tcl error with the message "target thread died" in some
situations.

[call [cmd thread::names]]

This command returns a list of thread IDs. These are only for
threads that have been created via [cmd thread::create] command.
If your application creates other threads at the C level, they
are not reported by this command.


[call [cmd thread::exists] [arg id]]

Returns true (1) if thread given by the [arg id] parameter exists,
false (0) otherwise. This applies only for threads that have
been created via [cmd thread::create] command.


[call [cmd thread::send] [opt -async] [opt -head] [arg id] [arg script] [opt varname]]

This command passes a [arg script] to another thread and, optionally,
waits for the result. If the [option -async] flag is specified, the
command does not wait for the result and it returns empty string.
The target thread must enter it's event loop in order to receive
scripts sent via this command. This is done by default for threads
created without a startup script. Threads can enter the event loop
explicitly by calling [cmd thread::wait] or any other relevant Tcl/Tk
command, like [cmd update], [cmd vwait], etc.

[para]

Optional [option varname] specifies name of the variable to store
the result of the [arg script]. Without the [option -async] flag,
the command returns the evaluation code, similarly to the standard
Tcl [cmd catch] command. If, however, the [option -async] flag is
specified, the command returns immediately and caller can later
[cmd vwait] on [opt varname] to get the result of the passed [arg script]

[example {
    set t1 [thread::create]
    set t2 [thread::create]
    thread::send -async $t1 "set a 1" result
    thread::send -async $t2 "set b 2" result
    for {set i 0} {$i < 2} {incr i} {
        vwait result
    }
}]

In the above example, two threads were fed work and both of them were
instructed to signalize the same variable "result" in the calling thread.
The caller entered the event loop twice to get both results. Note,
however, that the order of the received results may vary, depending on
the current system load, type of work done, etc, etc.

[para]

Many threads can simultaneously send scripts to the target thread for
execution. All of them are entered into the event queue of the target
thread and executed on the FIFO basis, intermingled with optional other
events pending in the event queue of the target thread.
Using the optional [opt -head] switch, scripts posted to the thread's
event queue can be placed on the head, instead on the tail of the queue,
thus being executed in the LIFO fashion.


[call [cmd thread::broadcast] [arg script]]

This command passes a [arg script] to all threads created by the
package for execution. It does not wait for response from any of
the threads.

[para]

The sending thread (the one executing the thread::broadcast command) does
not send the script to itself.

[para]

Each receiving thread is directed to place evaluation of the send script
at the head of its event queue, stepping in front of any other events
awaiting processing.

[call [cmd thread::wait]]

This enters the event loop so a thread can receive messages from
the [cmd thread::send] command. This command should only be used
within the script passed to the [cmd thread::create]. It should
be the very last command in the script. If this is not the case,
the exiting thread will continue executing the script lines past
the [cmd thread::wait] which is usually not what you want and/or
expect.

[example {
    set t1 [thread::create {
        #
        # Do some initialization work here
        #
        thread::wait ; # Enter the event loop
    }]
}]

[call [cmd thread::eval] [opt {-lock mutex}] [arg arg] [opt {arg ...}]]

This command concatenates passed arguments and evaluates the
resulting script under the mutex protection. If no mutex is
specified by using the [opt {-lock mutex}] optional argument,
the internal static mutex is used.


[call [cmd thread::join] [arg id]]

This command waits for the thread with ID [arg id] to exit and
then returns it's exit code. Errors will be returned for threads
which are not joinable or already waited upon by another thread.
Upon the join the handle of the thread has gone out of scope and
should not be used any more.


[call [cmd thread::configure] [arg id] [opt option] [opt value] [opt ...]]

This command configures various low-level aspects of the thread with
ID [arg id] in the similar way as the standard Tcl command
[cmd fconfigure] configures some Tcl channel options. Options currently
supported are: [option -eventmark] and [option -unwindonerror].

[para]

The [option -eventmark] option, when set, limits the number of
asynchronously posted scripts to the thread event loop.
The [cmd {thread::send -async}] command will block until the number
of pending scripts in the event loop does not drop below the value
configured with [option -eventmark]. Default value for the
[option -eventmark] is 0 (zero) which effectively disables the checking,
i.e. allows for unlimited number of posted scripts.

[para]

The [option -unwindonerror] option, when set, causes the
target thread to unwind if the result of the script processing
resulted in error. Default value for the [option -unwindonerror]
is 0 (false), i.e. thread continues to process scripts after one
of the posted scripts fails.


[call [cmd thread::transfer] [arg id] [arg channel]]

This moves the specified [arg channel] from the current thread
and interpreter to the main interpreter of the thread with the
given [arg id]. After the move the current interpreter has no
access to the channel any more, but the main interpreter of the
target thread will be able to use it from now on.
The command waits until the other thread has incorporated the
channel. Because of this it is possible to deadlock the
participating threads by commanding the other through a
synchronous [cmd thread::send] to transfer a channel to us.
This easily extends into longer loops of threads waiting for
each other. Other restrictions: the channel in question must
not be shared among multiple interpreters running in the
sending thread. This automatically excludes the special channels
for standard input, output and error.

[para]

Due to the internal Tcl core implementation and the restriction on
transferring shared channels, one has to take extra measures when
transferring socket channels created by accepting the connection
out of the [cmd socket] commands callback procedures:

[example {
    socket -server _Accept 2200
    proc _Accept {s ipaddr port} {
        after idle [list Accept $s $ipaddr $port]
    }
    proc Accept {s ipaddr port} {
        set tid [thread::create]
        thread::transfer $tid $s
    }
}]

[call [cmd thread::detach] [arg channel]]

This detaches the specified [arg channel] from the current thread and
interpreter. After that, the current interpreter has no access to the
channel any more. The channel is in the parked state until some other
(or the same) thread attaches the channel again with [cmd thread::attach].
Restrictions: same as for transferring shared channels with the
[cmd thread::transfer] command.

[call [cmd thread::attach] [arg channel]]

This attaches the previously detached [arg channel] in the
current thread/interpreter. For already existing channels,
the command does nothing, i.e. it is not an error to attach the
same channel more than once. The first operation will actually
perform the operation, while all subsequent operation will just
do nothing. Command throws error if the [arg channel] cannot be
found in the list of detached channels and/or in the current
interpreter.

[call [cmd thread::mutex]]

Mutexes are most common thread synchronization primitives.
They are used to synchronize access from two or more threads to one or
more shared resources. This command provides script-level access to
exclusive and/or recursive mutexes. Exclusive mutexes can be locked
only once by one thread, while recursive mutexes can be locked many
times by the same thread. For recursive mutexes, number of lock and
unlock operations must match, otherwise, the mutex will never be
released, which would lead to various deadlock situations.
[para]
Care has to be taken when using mutexes in an multithreading program.
Improper use of mutexes may lead to various deadlock situations,
especially when using exclusive mutexes.

[para]

The [cmd thread::mutex] command supports following subcommands and options:

[list_begin definitions]

[call [cmd thread::mutex] [method create] [opt -recursive]]

Creates the mutex and returns it's opaque handle. This handle
should be used for any future reference to the newly created mutex.
If no optional [opt -recursive] argument was specified, the command
creates the exclusive mutex. With the [opt -recursive] argument,
the command creates a recursive mutex.

[call [cmd thread::mutex] [method destroy] [arg mutex]]

Destroys the [arg mutex]. Mutex should be in unlocked state before
the destroy attempt. If the mutex is locked, the command will throw
Tcl error.

[call [cmd thread::mutex] [method lock] [arg mutex]]

Locks the [arg mutex]. Locking the exclusive mutex may throw Tcl
error if on attempt to lock the same mutex twice from the same
thread. If your program logic forces you to lock the same mutex
twice or more from the same thread (this may happen in recursive
procedure invocations) you should consider using the recursive mutexes.

[call [cmd thread::mutex] [method unlock] [arg mutex]]

Unlocks the [arg mutex] so some other thread may lock it again.
Attempt to unlock the already unlocked mutex will throw Tcl error.

[list_end]

[para]

[call [cmd thread::rwmutex]]

This command creates many-readers/single-writer mutexes. Reader/writer
mutexes allow you to serialize access to a shared resource more optimally.
In situations where a shared resource gets mostly read and seldom modified,
you might gain some performance by using reader/writer mutexes instead of
exclusive or recursive mutexes.
[para]
For reading the resource, thread should obtain a read lock on the resource.
Read lock is non-exclusive, meaning that more than one thread can
obtain a read lock to the same resource, without waiting on other readers.
For changing the resource, however, a thread must obtain a exclusive
write lock. This lock effectively blocks all threads from gaining the
read-lock while the resource is been modified by the writer thread.
Only after the write lock has been released, the resource may be read-locked
again.

[para]

The [cmd thread::rwmutex] command supports following subcommands and options:

[list_begin definitions]

[call [cmd thread::rwmutex] [method create]]

Creates the reader/writer mutex and returns it's opaque handle.
This handle should be used for any future reference to the newly
created mutex.

[call [cmd thread::rwmutex] [method destroy] [arg mutex]]

Destroys the reader/writer [arg mutex]. If the mutex is already locked,
attempt to destroy it will throw Tcl error.

[call [cmd thread::rwmutex] [method rlock] [arg mutex]]

Locks the [arg mutex] for reading. More than one thread may read-lock
the same [arg mutex] at the same time.

[call [cmd thread::rwmutex] [method wlock] [arg mutex]]

Locks the [arg mutex] for writing. Only one thread may write-lock
the same [arg mutex] at the same time. Attempt to write-lock same
[arg mutex] twice from the same thread will throw Tcl error.

[call [cmd thread::rwmutex] [method unlock] [arg mutex]]

Unlocks the [arg mutex] so some other thread may lock it again.
Attempt to unlock already unlocked [arg mutex] will throw Tcl error.

[list_end]

[para]

[call [cmd thread::cond]]

This command provides script-level access to condition variables.
A condition variable creates a safe environment for the program
to test some condition, sleep on it when false and be awakened
when it might have become true. A condition variable is always
used in the conjunction with an exclusive mutex. If you attempt
to use other type of mutex in conjunction with the condition
variable, a Tcl error will be thrown.

[para]

The command supports following subcommands and options:

[list_begin definitions]

[call [cmd thread::cond] [method create]]

Creates the condition variable and returns it's opaque handle.
This handle should be used for any future reference to newly
created condition variable.

[call [cmd thread::cond] [method destroy] [arg cond]]

Destroys condition variable [arg cond]. Extreme care has to be taken
that nobody is using (i.e. waiting on) the condition variable,
otherwise unexpected errors may happen.

[call [cmd thread::cond] [method notify] [arg cond]]

Wakes up all threads waiting on the condition variable [arg cond].

[call [cmd thread::cond] [method wait] [arg cond] [arg mutex] [opt ms]]

This command is used to suspend program execution until the condition
variable [arg cond] has been signalled or the optional timer has expired.
The exclusive [arg mutex] must be locked by the calling thread on entrance
to this command. If the mutex is not locked, Tcl error is thrown.
While waiting on the [arg cond], the command releases [arg mutex].
Before returning to the calling thread, the command re-acquires the
[arg mutex] again. Unlocking the [arg mutex] and waiting on the
condition variable [arg cond] is done atomically.

[para]

The [option ms] command option, if given, must be an integer specifying
time interval in milliseconds the command waits to be signalled.
Otherwise the command waits on condition notify forever.

[para]

In multithreading programs, there are many situations where a thread has
to wait for some event to happen until it is allowed to proceed.
This is usually accomplished by repeatedly testing a condition under the
mutex protection and waiting on the condition variable until the condition
evaluates to true:

[example {
    set mutex [thread::mutex create]
    set cond  [thread::cond  create]

    thread::mutex lock $mutex
    while {<some_condition_is_true>} {
        thread::cond wait $cond $mutex
    }
    # Do some work under mutex protection
    thread::mutex unlock $mutex
}]

Repeated testing of the condition is needed since the condition variable
may get signalled without the condition being actually changed (spurious
thread wake-ups, for example).

[list_end]

[list_end]

[section DISCUSSION]
The fundamental threading model in Tcl is that there can be one or
more Tcl interpreters per thread, but each Tcl interpreter should
only be used by a single thread which created it.
A "shared memory" abstraction is awkward to provide in Tcl because
Tcl makes assumptions about variable and data ownership. Therefore
this extension supports a simple form of threading where the main
thread can manage several background, or "worker" threads.
For example, an event-driven server can pass requests to worker
threads, and then await responses from worker threads or new client
requests. Everything goes through the common Tcl event loop, so
message passing between threads works naturally with event-driven I/O,
[cmd vwait] on variables, and so forth. For the transfer of bulk
information it is possible to move channels between the threads.

[para]

For advanced multithreading scripts, script-level access to two
basic synchronization primitives, mutex and condition variables,
is also supported.

[see_also tsv tpool ttrace [uri http://www.tcl.tk/doc/howto/thread_model.html]]

[keywords thread events {message passing} synchronization mutex]

[manpage_end]
